Effectiveness of Trauma-Informed Care Implementation in Health Care Settings: Systematic Review of Reviews and Realist Synthesis.

PURPOSE: Given the ubiquity of traumatic exposures and the profound impact of trauma on health, a trauma-informed care (TIC) approach in health care is critical. TIC seeks to promote safety within health care and prevent retraumatization. The lack of systems-level data has been a major barrier to TIC implementation. This study aimed to understand the mechanisms and outcomes effective in implementing TIC across health systems using a systematic review of reviews and realist synthesis. METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Applied Social Science Index & Abstracts identified reviews addressing TIC in health care published in the last 10 years in peer-reviewed journals. Realist synthesis methodology was used to develop context-mechanism-outcome configurations. Thematic analysis was performed to generate a framework for the mechanisms of implementation that produce successful TIC outcomes. RESULTS: Sixteen articles featuring varied review types were included. The results, highlighting the strategies that lead to improved outcomes for patients and systems, were mapped to SAMHSA's 10 TIC implementation domains, including engagement and involvement; training and workforce development; cross-sector collaboration; screening, assessment, and treatment services; governance and leadership; policy; evaluation; progress monitoring and quality assurance; financing; and physical environment. CONCLUSION: The findings support the use of SAMHSA's 10 implementation domains in varied health care contexts to facilitate effective TIC processes. Future work should continue to evaluate the effectiveness of TIC approaches and may consider how health equity and strengths-based approaches fit within SAMHSA's framework.

Preclinical evaluation of the ANCD thrombectomy device: safety and efficacy in a swine clot model.

BACKGROUND: The Advanced Thrombectomy System (ANCD) provides a new funnel component designed to reduce clot fragmentation and facilitate retrieval in patients with stroke by locally restricting flow, allowing distal aspiration in combination with a stent retriever (SR). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the preclinical efficacy and safety of the ANCD in a swine clot model. METHODS: Soft and firm clots were implanted in the lingual and cervical arteries of 11 swine to obtain Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 0 blood flow. Mechanical thrombectomy was performed with either a balloon guide catheter+Solitaire 2 stent retriever (BGC+SR, n=13) or ANCD+SR (n=13). TICI flow was evaluated and successful revascularization was defined as TICI 3 (normal perfusion). To characterize safety, a total of 3 passes were performed in each vessel independent of recanalization. Tissues were explanted for histopathological analysis after 3 and 30 days, respectively. RESULTS: First pass reperfusion rates were ANCD+SR: 69% and BGC+SR: 46%. Reperfusion increased after the third pass in both groups (ANCD+SR: 100%, vs BGC+SR: 77%). Recanalization was achieved after an average of 1.4 and 1.9 passes in ANCD+SR and BGC+SR (p=0.095), respectively. Vessel injury was comparable in both groups; endothelial loss at 3 days was the most common injury seen (ANCD+SR: 1.78±1.22; BGC+SR: 2.03±1.20; p=0.73), while other histopathological markers were absent or minimal. Tissues downstream from targeted vessels also showed absence or minimal lesions across both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Results in a swine clot model support the high efficacy of the ANCD+SR without causing clinically significant vessel injury potentially related to the new funnel component.

ANCD thrombectomy device: in vitro evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Endovascular treatment of stroke, although highly effective, may fail to reach complete recanalization in around 20% of cases. The Advanced Thrombectomy System (ANCD) is a novel stroke thrombectomy device designed to reduce clot fragmentation and facilitate retrieval by inducing local flow arrest and allowing distal aspiration in combination with a stent retriever. We aimed to assess the preclinical efficacy of ANCD. METHODS: Soft red blood cell (RBC)-rich (n=20/group) and sticky fibrin-rich (n=30/group) clots were used to create middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusions in two vascular phantoms. Three different treatment strategies were tested: (1) balloon guide catheter + Solitaire (BGC+SR); (2) distal access catheter + SR (DAC+SR); and (3) ANCD+SR, until complete recanalization was achieved or to a maximum of three passes. The recanalization rate was determined after each pass. RESULTS: After one pass, ANCD+SR resulted in an increased recanalization rate (94%) for all clots together compared with BGC+SR (66%; p<0.01) or DAC+SR (80%; p=0.04). After the final pass the recanalization rate increased in all three groups but remained higher with ANCD+SR (100%) than with BGC+SR (74%; p<0.01) or DAC+SR (90%; p=0.02). The mean number of passes was lower with ANCD+SR (1.06) than with BGC+SR (1.46) or DAC+SR (1.25) (p=0.01). A logistic regression model adjusted for treatment arm, clot type, and model used showed that both RBC-rich clots (OR 8.1, 95% CI 1.6 to 13.5) and ANCD+SR (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.01 to 15.8) were independent predictors of first-pass recanalization. CONCLUSION: In in vitro three-dimensional models replicating MCA-M1 occlusion, ANCD+SR showed significantly better recanalization rates in fewer passes than other commonly used combinations of devices.

Neuropathic pain profile: the basic neurological exam of 33 patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Very few texts in the literature approach the neurologic exam of patients with neuropathic pain (NP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of patients with NP through the neurological exam. METHODS: This is an observational study that followed-up patients with NP for one year. The neurologic exam was evaluated at the outpatient clinic and through prospective analysis. Patients whose pain severity was equal or greater than six on the Visual Analogue Scale were included in this study. RESULTS: Burning pain predominated, affecting 54.5% of the patients. Unlike multifocal neuropathy (15.15%), distal and symmetrical polyneuropathy was the predominant clinical-topographic pattern (48%). The thermoalgic and tactile modalities of the sensorial exam were affected the most, followed by changes in motor function and deep tendon reflexes, and proprioception. Although NP does not have specific signs and symptoms, burning pain is attributed to the involvement of thin nerve fibers and thermoalgic pain is typical of those changes. CONCLUSIONS: History and physical exam findings are key factors in the diagnosis of NP. The log of changes in the physical exam should emphasize the involvement observed, guiding the diagnostic and therapeutic approach, curative or palliative.

Perfil da dor neuropática: a propósito do exame neurológico mínimo de 33 pacientes / Neuropathic pain profile: the basic neurological exam of 33 patients / Perfil del dolor neuropático: a propósito del examen neurológico mínimo de 33 pacientes

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Há poucos textos na literatura a lidar com o exame neurológico do paciente com dor neuropática (DN). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de pacientes com DN através de exame clínico neurológico. MÉTODO: Em estudo observacional, uma série de casos de pacientes com DN foi acompanhada no período de um ano. A avaliação do exame neurológico foi efetuada durante visita ao ambulatório e através de análise prospectiva. Foram incluídos pacientes cuja intensidade da dor era igual ou maior que seis, segundo a Escala Analógica Visual. RESULTADOS: A dor em queimação predominou como descritor em 54,5 por cento dos pacientes. A polineuropatia foi o padrão clínico-topográfico predominante (48 por cento) com padrão distal e simétrico, em oposição a quadros de neuropatia multifocal (15,15 por cento). As modalidades termoalgésica e tátil do exame de sensibilidade foram as mais comprometidas, logo acompanhadas por alterações motoras e reflexos profundos, enquanto modalidades de sensibilidade proprioceptiva vieram a seguir. Apesar de nenhum sinal ou sintoma ser específico de DN, a queimação como sintoma costuma ser atribuída ao acometimento de fibras finas, assim como o padrão típico destas é a alteração térmico-dolorosa. CONCLUSÕES: A história e os achados do exame físico são a chave para o diagnóstico de DN. O registro das alterações encontradas ao exame deve ressaltar o comprometimento observado e assim nortear a abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica, se curativa ou paliativa.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Very few texts in the literature approach the neurologic exam of patients with neuropathic pain (NP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of patients with NP through the neurological exam. METHODS: This is an observational study that followed-up patients with NP for one year. The neurologic exam was evaluated at the outpatient clinic and through prospective analysis. Patients whose pain severity was equal or greater than six on the Visual Analogue Scale were included in this study. RESULTS: Burning pain predominated, affecting 54.5 percent of the patients. Unlike multifocal neuropathy (15.15 percent), distal and symmetrical polyneuropathy was the predominant clinical-topographic pattern (48 percent). The thermoalgic and tactile modalities of the sensorial exam were affected the most, followed by changes in motor function and deep tendon reflexes, and proprioception. Although NP does not have specific signs and symptoms, burning pain is attributed to the involvement of thin nerve fibers and thermoalgic pain is typical of those changes. CONCLUSIONS: History and physical exam findings are key factors in the diagnosis of NP. The log of changes in the physical exam should emphasize the involvement observed, guiding the diagnostic and therapeutic approach, curative or palliative.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Existen pocos textos en la literatura que aborden el examen neurológico del paciente con dolor neuropático (DN). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el perfil de pacientes con DN a través de examen clínico neurológico. MÉTODO: En un estudio observacional, una serie de casos de pacientes con DN tuvo un seguimiento en el período de un año. La evaluación del examen neurológico fue efectuada durante una visita al ambulatorio y a través de un análisis prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes cuya intensidad de dolor era igual o mayor que seis, según la Escala Analógica Visual. RESULTADOS: El dolor en quemados predominó como descriptor en un 54,5 por ciento de los pacientes. La polineuropatía fue el estándar clínicotopográfico predominante (48 por ciento) con estándar distal y simétrico, en oposición a los cuadros de neuropatía multifocal (15,15 por ciento). Las modalidades termoalgésica y táctil del examen de sensibilidad fueron las más comprometidas, y venían acompañadas de alteraciones motoras y reflejos profundos, mientras que las modalidades de sensibilidad proprioceptiva venían después de aquellas. A pesar de que no había ninguna señal o síntoma específico de DN, la quemadura como síntoma acostumbra a ser atribuida al acometimiento de las fibras finas, como también su estándar típico es la alteración térmico-dolorosa. CONCLUSIONES: La historia y los descubrimientos del examen físico son la clave para el diagnóstico de DN. El registro de las alteraciones encontradas en el examen debe resaltar el comprometimiento observado y así guiar el abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico y decidir si es curativo o paliativo.

Role of the NO-cGMP pathway in the systemic antinociceptive effect of clonidine in rats and mice.

The mechanism underlying the analgesic effect of clonidine, an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, remains uncertain. Activation of alpha(2)-adrenoceptor induces the release of nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells, which has led us to test the hypothesis that the observed antinociceptive effect induced by the systemic administration of clonidine depends on the NO-cGMP pathway. The possible involvement of an opioid link in the antinociceptive effect of clonidine was also evaluated. The antinociceptive effect induced by systemic administration (intravenous or intraperitoneal) of clonidine was evaluated using the rat paw formalin, mice tail-flick and writhing tests. Clonidine (3-120 microg/kg) induces a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in the formalin, tail-flick and writhing tests. The antinociceptive effect of clonidine in a dose that had no sedative effect assessed by rota rod test, was significantly reduced by NO-synthase and guanylyl cyclase inhibition. The antinociceptive effect of morphine, but not clonidine, was inhibited by naloxone. Our current results suggest that the antinociceptive effect of systemic clonidine does not involve the opioid receptor and is modulated by the NO-cGMP pathway.

Avaliaçäo pela tomografia computadorizada das alteraçöes pulmonares pós-radioterapia / Computed tomography evaluation of pulmonary alterations after radiotherapy

Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, 15 pacientes com neoplasia primária, sendo 13 de pulmäo e dois de mama, que se submeteram a tratamento radioterápico no Hospital Santa Cruz/Beneficência Portuguesa de Niterói, RJ, no período de fevereiro de 1991 a outubro de 1996. Os efeitos da radioterapia pulmonar apresentaram-se na tomografia computadorizada em duas fases clínicas evolutivas - aguda (pneumonite actínica) e crônica (fibrose actínica) - e dependeram da dosagem, da área corporal irradiada, da suscetibilidade individual e do uso prévio de quimioterapia. Foram evidenciados sinais de fibrose pulmonar em 73,3 por cento dos pacientes, de pneumonite em 20,0 por cento e näo foram constatadas alteraçöes após irradiaçäo em 6,6 por cento. A tomografia computadorizada foi um excelente método diagnóstico näo-invasivo utilizado no estudo das alteraçöes pulmonares pós-radioterapia, sendo estas melhor avaliadas pela técnica de alta resoluçäo